Kubva Louis Robert wekuFrance paakagadzira muchina wekutanga wepepa unoenderera mberi muna 1799, tekinoroji iyi yakachinja kupararira kwetsika dzevanhu nekukurumidza kunoshamisa. Kwemakore anopfuura 200, michina yepepa yakashanduka kubva pamhando dzekare dzakagadzirwa nemaoko kusvika pakuva hofori dzemazuva ano dzinomhanya kupfuura mamita 1500 paminiti, zvichikonzerwa nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji kunoramba kuchienderera mberi.

Kumera: Kubva muLabhoritari kusvika pakugadzirwa kwakawanda

Kugadzirwa kwaLouis Robert muna 1799 kwakaratidza kuguma kwekugadzira mapepa nemaoko. Muchina wekare wakagadzirwa nemaoko, une waya yemhangura ine upamhi hwe640mm uye yakareba 3000mm uye kumhanya kwemamita mashanu paminiti, ndiwo wakaisa pfungwa huru yekugadzira mapepa nguva dzose.

Muna 1803, achitsigirwa nemari neHenry Fourdrinier, mainjiniya wekuBritain Bryan Donkin akavaka muchina wekutanga weFourdrinier wakagadzirwa nevanhu vakawanda ndokuuisa kuFrogmore Paper Mill muUK. Nehupamhi hwepepa hwe813mm uye chikamu chekudhindisa chinogara chichibvisa mvura, zvakatanga zviri pamutemo nguva yekugadzira mapepa emaindasitiri.

Kupayona: Kubudirira muMatekinoroji Akakosha

Muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19, mamodule makuru emichina yemapepa akagadzirwa rimwe mushure merimwe:

• Tekinoroji yeSilinda Mould: Yakatangwa naBraman muna 1805, ndiyo yakagadzira hwaro hwemhando dzakasiyana dzemichina yemapepa.
• Sisitimu Yekuomesa: Michina yekuomesa yakaonekwa muna 1816, pakutanga ichidziiswa nemarasha isina mavharo; muna 1823, Crompton akagadzira michina yekuomesa inodziya nemhepo ine mafelt ekuomesa, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekuomesa.
• Kugadzirisa Chikamu cheMapepanhau neWaya: John Dickinson akabvumidza muchina wechipiri wekudhinda muna 1817; Thomas Barutt akagadzira michina yekuzunza waya uye yewatermark muna 1830, zvichivandudza kunaka kwepepa uye kugadzikana.

Pakazosvika 1840, upamhi hwemuchina weFourdrinier hwakapfuura 1525mm (60 inches), zvichigadzira nzira yekugadzira zvinhu zvakawanda.

Leap: Revolution muSimba & Automation

Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 kusvika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kubudirira kwekuchinja kwemaindasitiri kwakapinda zvakanyanya mukugadzira mapepa:

• Simba Rekuvandudza: Muna 1894, muchina wekugadzira mapepa wekuAustria wakatanga kushandisa injini dzemagetsi panzvimbo pemainjini emhepo, zvichiita kuti kumhanya nekugadzikana zviwedzere.
• Kuongorora Kunokurumidza: Muchina wepepa mukuru muUS wakatanga muna 1896, uine upamhi hwe4060mm uye kumhanya kwe152m/min; kugadzirwa kwemaroll evacuum couch muna 1908 kwakagadziriswa waya dzakagadziriswa.
• Kuvandudzwa kweDhivha YemagetsiMuna 1909, Voith naBrown Boveri vakagadzira pamwe chete sectional electric drive, zvichiita kuti zvikamu zvese zvemuchina zvienderane nekukurumidza.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, mabhokisi emusoro ehydraulic nemabhokisi emusoro ane layered akaita kuti mapepa agadzireke zvakaenzana; makorona anoshanduka-shanduka akagadzirisa kutsauka kweroll nekumhanya kwakanyanya.

Peak: Kumhanya & Miganhu yeMichina Yemazuva Ano Yemapepa

Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20 kusvika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, michina yemapepa yakapinda munguva ye "makwikwi ekumhanya":

Muna 1993, Machine 6 kuJämsänkoski Mill yekuFinland yakagadzira bepa re56g/m² supercalended pa1502m/min nehupamhi hwewaya hwe10.1m; mugore rimwe chetero, Machine 7 kuKaipola Mill yakaisa rekodhi yekudhinda nhau ye1530m/min. Magamba aya akagadzirwa naValmet aimiririra hunyanzvi hwepasi rose hwekugadzira mapepa.

Zvichakadaro, michina mikuru yewaya mbiri, michina yekudzvanya yakabatana uye mabhokisi emusoro emhepo zvakabudirira muhupamhi, kumhanya uye kunaka; zvinhu zvitsva zvakaita sewaya dzepurasitiki nemabhodhi ekubvisa mvura etungsten carbide zvakavandudza kugara kwenguva refu uye kushanda zvakanaka.

Kutarisa kumashure & Kutarisira

Kubva pamuchina waRobert wakagadzirwa nemaoko kusvika kumakambani makuru anomhanya zvikuru nhasi, nhoroondo yemichina yemapepa inyaya yetekinoroji uye uchapupu hwekupararira kwehupfumi hwevanhu nekukurumidza. Yakachinja kugadzirwa kwemapepa uye yakabvumira kufarirwa kweruzivo neruzivo. Iye zvino, pakati pemafungu edhijitari, michina yemapepa iri kushanduka ichienda pakuchengetedza simba, hungwaru uye kugadzirwa kwemapepa akakosha, ichienderera mberi nengano yayo munguva itsva.