Kutanga kweKraft Paper

Kraft Paper Izwi rinoenderana nerokuti "simba" muchiGerman ndi "cowhide".

Pakutanga, zvinhu zvekugadzira mapepa zvaive machira uye pulp yakaviriswa yakashandiswa. Zvadaro, nekugadzirwa kwemuchina wekupwanya, nzira yemuchina wekudhinda yakashandiswa, uye zvinhu zvakagadziriswa kuita zvinhu zvine fibrous kuburikidza nemuchina wekupwanya. Muna 1750, Herinda Bita wekuNetherlands akagadzira muchina wepepa, uye kugadzirwa kwepepa kwakakura kwakatanga. Kudiwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira mapepa kwakapfuura zvakanyanya kuwanikwa.
Saka, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, vanhu vakatanga kutsvaga nekugadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvekugadzira mapepa. Muna 1845, Keira akagadzira pulp yehuni yakakuyiwa. Rudzi urwu rwepulp inogadzirwa nematanda uye inopwanywa kuita fibers kuburikidza nekumanikidzwa kwe hydraulic kana mechanical. Zvisinei, pulp yehuni yakakuyiwa inochengetedza zvinenge zvikamu zvese zvehuni, ine fibers pfupi uye dzakaoma, isina kuchena, isina simba, uye iri nyore kutsvukira mushure mekuchengetwa kwenguva refu. Zvisinei, rudzi urwu rwepulp rune mwero wekushandiswa kwepamusoro uye mutengo wakaderera. Purple yehuni yekukuya inowanzo shandiswa kugadzira newsprint nekadhibhodhi.

Muna 1857, Hutton akagadzira makemikari emupumburu. Rudzi urwu rwemupumburu runogona kukamurwa kuita sulfite pulp, sulfate pulp, uye caustic soda pulp, zvichienderana nechinhu chinoshandiswa kugadzira mupumburu. Nzira yekubvisa mupumburu wemupumburu wemupumburu yakagadzirwa naHardon inosanganisira kupfungaidza zvinhu zvisina kubikwa mumupfumburu we sodium hydroxide pakupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa. Nzira iyi inowanzoshandiswa pamiti ine mashizha akafara uye zvinhu zvakaita sehunde.
Muna 1866, Chiruman akawana sulfite pulp, iyo yakagadzirwa nekuwedzera zvinhu zvisina kucheneswa mumushonga weacidic sulfite une sulfite yakawandisa uye kuibika pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa kubvisa tsvina yakaita se lignin kubva muzvirimwa. Bleached pulp ne wood pulp zvakasanganiswa pamwe chete zvinogona kushandiswa sezvinhu zvisina kucheneswa zve newsprint, nepo bleached pulp yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwepepa repamusoro uye repakati.
Muna 1883, Daru akagadzira sulfate pulp, iyo inoshandisa musanganiswa wesodium hydroxide nesodium sulfide pakubika zvine simba guru uye zvinopisa zvakanyanya. Nekuda kwesimba rakawanda refiber repulp rinogadzirwa nenzira iyi, rinonzi "cowhide pulp". Kraft pulp inonetsa kubleach nekuda kwebrown lignin yasara, asi ine simba rakawanda, saka kraft paper inogadzirwa yakakodzera kwazvo papepa rekurongedza. Bleached pulp inogonawo kuwedzerwa kune mamwe mapepa kugadzira bepa rekudhinda, asi inonyanya kushandiswa pabepa rekraft nebepa rakakombama. Kazhinji, kubva pakatanga chemical pulp yakadai sesulfite pulp nesulfate pulp, bepa rachinja kubva pakuva chinhu cheumbozha kuenda pakuva chinhu chakachipa.
Muna 1907, Europe yakagadzira sulfite pulp nehemp mixed pulp. Mugore rimwe chete, United States yakagadzira fekitori yekutanga yekugadzira mapepa ekraft. Bates anozivikanwa semuvambi we "kraft paper bags". Pakutanga akashandisa mapepa ekraft pakurongedza munyu uye gare gare akawana patent ye "Bates pulp".
Muna 1918, United States neGermany dzakatanga kugadzira mabhegi epepa ekraft nemishini. Pfungwa yeHouston yekuti "mapepa ekurongedza anorema" yakatangawo kuoneka panguva iyoyo.
Kambani yeSanto Rekis Paper muUnited States yakabudirira kupinda mumusika weEurope ichishandisa tekinoroji yekusona mabhegi emuchina wekusona, iyo yakazounzwa kuJapan muna 1927.